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selfmt.h

// © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
// License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
/********************************************************************
 * COPYRIGHT:
 * Copyright (c) 1997-2011, International Business Machines Corporation and
 * others. All Rights Reserved.
 * Copyright (C) 2010 , Yahoo! Inc.
 ********************************************************************
 *
 * File SELFMT.H
 *
 * Modification History:
 *
 *   Date        Name        Description
 *   11/11/09    kirtig      Finished first cut of implementation.
 ********************************************************************/

#ifndef SELFMT
#define SELFMT

#include "unicode/messagepattern.h"
#include "unicode/numfmt.h"
#include "unicode/utypes.h"

/**
 * \file
 * \brief C++ API: SelectFormat object
 */

#if !UCONFIG_NO_FORMATTING

U_NAMESPACE_BEGIN

class MessageFormat;

/**
 * <code>SelectFormat</code> supports the creation of internationalized
 * messages by selecting phrases based on keywords. The pattern specifies
 * how to map keywords to phrases and provides a default phrase. The
 * object provided to the format method is a string that's matched
 * against the keywords. If there is a match, the corresponding phrase
 * is selected; otherwise, the default phrase is used.
 *
 * <h4>Using <code>SelectFormat</code> for Gender Agreement</h4>
 *
 * Note: Typically, select formatting is done via <code>MessageFormat</code>
 * with a <code>select</code> argument type,
 * rather than using a stand-alone <code>SelectFormat</code>.
 *
 * The main use case for the select format is gender based inflection.
 * When names or nouns are inserted into sentences, their gender can affect pronouns,
 * verb forms, articles, and adjectives. Special care needs to be
 * taken for the case where the gender cannot be determined.
 * The impact varies between languages:
 * \htmlonly
 * <ul>
 * <li>English has three genders, and unknown gender is handled as a special
 * case. Names use the gender of the named person (if known), nouns referring
 * to people use natural gender, and inanimate objects are usually neutral.
 * The gender only affects pronouns: "he", "she", "it", "they".
 *
 * <li>German differs from English in that the gender of nouns is rather
 * arbitrary, even for nouns referring to people ("M&#x00E4;dchen", girl, is neutral).
 * The gender affects pronouns ("er", "sie", "es"), articles ("der", "die",
 * "das"), and adjective forms ("guter Mann", "gute Frau", "gutes M&#x00E4;dchen").
 *
 * <li>French has only two genders; as in German the gender of nouns
 * is rather arbitrary - for sun and moon, the genders
 * are the opposite of those in German. The gender affects
 * pronouns ("il", "elle"), articles ("le", "la"),
 * adjective forms ("bon", "bonne"), and sometimes
 * verb forms ("all&#x00E9;", "all&#x00E9;e").
 *
 * <li>Polish distinguishes five genders (or noun classes),
 * human masculine, animate non-human masculine, inanimate masculine,
 * feminine, and neuter.
 * </ul>
 * \endhtmlonly
 * Some other languages have noun classes that are not related to gender,
 * but similar in grammatical use.
 * Some African languages have around 20 noun classes.
 *
 * Note:For the gender of a person in a given sentence,
 * we usually need to distinguish only between female, male and other/unknown.
 *
 * To enable localizers to create sentence patterns that take their
 * language's gender dependencies into consideration, software has to provide
 * information about the gender associated with a noun or name to
 * <code>MessageFormat</code>.
 * Two main cases can be distinguished:
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>For people, natural gender information should be maintained for each person.
 * Keywords like "male", "female", "mixed" (for groups of people)
 * and "unknown" could be used.
 *
 * <li>For nouns, grammatical gender information should be maintained for
 * each noun and per language, e.g., in resource bundles.
 * The keywords "masculine", "feminine", and "neuter" are commonly used,
 * but some languages may require other keywords.
 * </ul>
 *
 * The resulting keyword is provided to <code>MessageFormat</code> as a
 * parameter separate from the name or noun it's associated with. For example,
 * to generate a message such as "Jean went to Paris", three separate arguments
 * would be provided: The name of the person as argument 0, the gender of
 * the person as argument 1, and the name of the city as argument 2.
 * The sentence pattern for English, where the gender of the person has
 * no impact on this simple sentence, would not refer to argument 1 at all:
 *
 * <pre>{0} went to {2}.</pre>
 *
 * Note: The entire sentence should be included (and partially repeated)
 * inside each phrase. Otherwise translators would have to be trained on how to
 * move bits of the sentence in and out of the select argument of a message.
 * (The examples below do not follow this recommendation!)
 *
 * The sentence pattern for French, where the gender of the person affects
 * the form of the participle, uses a select format based on argument 1:
 *
 * \htmlonly<pre>{0} est {1, select, female {all&#x00E9;e} other {all&#x00E9;}} &#x00E0; {2}.</pre>\endhtmlonly
 *
 * Patterns can be nested, so that it's possible to handle interactions of
 * number and gender where necessary. For example, if the above sentence should
 * allow for the names of several people to be inserted, the following sentence
 * pattern can be used (with argument 0 the list of people's names,
 * argument 1 the number of people, argument 2 their combined gender, and
 * argument 3 the city name):
 *
 * \htmlonly
 * <pre>{0} {1, plural,
 * one {est {2, select, female {all&#x00E9;e} other {all&#x00E9;}}}
 * other {sont {2, select, female {all&#x00E9;es} other {all&#x00E9;s}}}
 * }&#x00E0; {3}.</pre>
 * \endhtmlonly
 *
 * <h4>Patterns and Their Interpretation</h4>
 *
 * The <code>SelectFormat</code> pattern string defines the phrase output
 * for each user-defined keyword.
 * The pattern is a sequence of (keyword, message) pairs.
 * A keyword is a "pattern identifier": [^[[:Pattern_Syntax:][:Pattern_White_Space:]]]+
 *
 * Each message is a MessageFormat pattern string enclosed in {curly braces}.
 *
 * You always have to define a phrase for the default keyword
 * <code>other</code>; this phrase is returned when the keyword
 * provided to
 * the <code>format</code> method matches no other keyword.
 * If a pattern does not provide a phrase for <code>other</code>, the method
 * it's provided to returns the error <code>U_DEFAULT_KEYWORD_MISSING</code>.
 * 
 * Pattern_White_Space between keywords and messages is ignored.
 * Pattern_White_Space within a message is preserved and output.
 *
 * <pre>Example:
 * \htmlonly
 *
 * UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
 * MessageFormat *msgFmt = new MessageFormat(UnicodeString("{0} est {1, select, female {all&#x00E9;e} other {all&#x00E9;}} &#x00E0; Paris."), Locale("fr"), status);
 * if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
 * return;
 * }
 * FieldPosition ignore(FieldPosition::DONT_CARE);
 * UnicodeString result;
 *
 * char* str1= "Kirti,female";
 * Formattable args1[] = {"Kirti","female"};
 * msgFmt->format(args1, 2, result, ignore, status);
 * cout << "Input is " << str1 << " and result is: " << result << endl;
 * delete msgFmt;
 *
 * \endhtmlonly
 * </pre>
 * 
 *
 * Produces the output: 
 * \htmlonly
 * <code>Kirti est all&#x00E9;e &#x00E0; Paris.</code>
 * \endhtmlonly
 *
 * @stable ICU 4.4
 */

class U_I18N_API SelectFormat : public Format {
public:

/**
 * Creates a new <code>SelectFormat</code> for a given pattern string.
 * @param pattern the pattern for this <code>SelectFormat</code>.
 * errors are returned to status if the pattern is invalid.
 * @param status output param set to success/failure code on exit, which
 * must not indicate a failure before the function call.
 * @stable ICU 4.4
 */
 SelectFormat(const UnicodeString& pattern, UErrorCode& status);

/**
     * copy constructor.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    SelectFormat(const SelectFormat& other);

/**
     * Destructor.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    virtual ~SelectFormat();

/**
     * Sets the pattern used by this select format.
     * for the keyword rules.
     * Patterns and their interpretation are specified in the class description.
     *
     * @param pattern the pattern for this select format
     *                errors are returned to status if the pattern is invalid.
     * @param status  output param set to success/failure code on exit, which
     *                must not indicate a failure before the function call.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    void applyPattern(const UnicodeString& pattern, UErrorCode& status);

using Format::format;

/**
     * Selects the phrase for  the given keyword
     *
     * @param keyword  The keyword that is used to select an alternative.
     * @param appendTo output parameter to receive result.
     *                 result is appended to existing contents.
     * @param pos      On input: an alignment field, if desired.
     *                 On output: the offsets of the alignment field.
     * @param status  output param set to success/failure code on exit, which
     *                 must not indicate a failure before the function call.
     * @return         Reference to 'appendTo' parameter.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    UnicodeString& format(const UnicodeString& keyword,
                            UnicodeString& appendTo,
                            FieldPosition& pos,
                            UErrorCode& status) const;

/**
     * Assignment operator
     *
     * @param other    the SelectFormat object to copy from.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    SelectFormat& operator=(const SelectFormat& other);

/**
     * Return true if another object is semantically equal to this one.
     *
     * @param other    the SelectFormat object to be compared with.
     * @return         true if other is semantically equal to this.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    virtual UBool operator==(const Format& other) const;

/**
     * Return true if another object is semantically unequal to this one.
     *
     * @param other    the SelectFormat object to be compared with.
     * @return         true if other is semantically unequal to this.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    virtual UBool operator!=(const Format& other) const;

/**
     * Clones this Format object polymorphically.  The caller owns the
     * result and should delete it when done.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    virtual Format* clone(void) const;

/**
 * Format an object to produce a string.
 * This method handles keyword strings.
 * If the Formattable object is not a <code>UnicodeString</code>,
 * then it returns a failing UErrorCode.
 *
 * @param obj A keyword string that is used to select an alternative.
 * @param appendTo output parameter to receive result.
 * Result is appended to existing contents.
 * @param pos On input: an alignment field, if desired.
 * On output: the offsets of the alignment field.
 * @param status output param filled with success/failure status.
 * @return Reference to 'appendTo' parameter.
 * @stable ICU 4.4
 */
 UnicodeString& format(const Formattable& obj,
 UnicodeString& appendTo,
 FieldPosition& pos,
 UErrorCode& status) const;

/**
     * Returns the pattern from applyPattern() or constructor.
     *
     * @param  appendTo  output parameter to receive result.
     *                  Result is appended to existing contents.
     * @return the UnicodeString with inserted pattern.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    UnicodeString& toPattern(UnicodeString& appendTo);

/**
 * This method is not yet supported by <code>SelectFormat</code>.
 * 
 * Before calling, set parse_pos.index to the offset you want to start
 * parsing at in the source. After calling, parse_pos.index is the end of
 * the text you parsed. If error occurs, index is unchanged.
 * 
 * When parsing, leading whitespace is discarded (with a successful parse),
 * while trailing whitespace is left as is.
 * 
 * See Format::parseObject() for more.
 *
 * @param source The string to be parsed into an object.
 * @param result Formattable to be set to the parse result.
 * If parse fails, return contents are undefined.
 * @param parse_pos The position to start parsing at. Upon return
 * this param is set to the position after the
 * last character successfully parsed. If the
 * source is not parsed successfully, this param
 * will remain unchanged.
 * @stable ICU 4.4
 */
 virtual void parseObject(const UnicodeString& source,
 Formattable& result,
 ParsePosition& parse_pos) const;

/**
     * ICU "poor man's RTTI", returns a UClassID for this class.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    static UClassID U_EXPORT2 getStaticClassID(void);

/**
     * ICU "poor man's RTTI", returns a UClassID for the actual class.
     * @stable ICU 4.4
     */
    virtual UClassID getDynamicClassID() const;

private:
    friend class MessageFormat;

SelectFormat();   // default constructor not implemented.

/**
     * Finds the SelectFormat sub-message for the given keyword, or the "other" sub-message.
     * @param pattern A MessagePattern.
     * @param partIndex the index of the first SelectFormat argument style part.
     * @param keyword a keyword to be matched to one of the SelectFormat argument's keywords.
     * @param ec Error code.
     * @return the sub-message start part index.
     */
    static int32_t findSubMessage(const MessagePattern& pattern, int32_t partIndex,
                                  const UnicodeString& keyword, UErrorCode& ec);

MessagePattern msgPattern;
};

U_NAMESPACE_END

#endif /* #if !UCONFIG_NO_FORMATTING */

#endif // _SELFMT
//eof

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