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persistence.py

# orm/persistence.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
# mypy: ignore-errors

"""private module containing functions used to emit INSERT, UPDATE
and DELETE statements on behalf of a :class:`_orm.Mapper` and its descending
mappers.

The functions here are called only by the unit of work functions
in unitofwork.py.

"""
from __future__ import annotations

from itertools import chain
from itertools import groupby
from itertools import zip_longest
import operator

from . import attributes
from . import exc as orm_exc
from . import loading
from . import sync
from .base import state_str
from .. import exc as sa_exc
from .. import future
from .. import sql
from .. import util
from ..engine import cursor as _cursor
from ..sql import operators
from ..sql.elements import BooleanClauseList
from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL

def save_obj(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction, single=False):
    """Issue ``INSERT`` and/or ``UPDATE`` statements for a list
    of objects.

This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
    flush operation, given a list of states to be flushed.  The
    base mapper in an inheritance hierarchy handles the inserts/
    updates for all descendant mappers.

"""

# if batch=false, call _save_obj separately for each object
    if not single and not base_mapper.batch:
        for state in _sort_states(base_mapper, states):
            save_obj(base_mapper, [state], uowtransaction, single=True)
        return

states_to_update = []
    states_to_insert = []

for (
        state,
        dict_,
        mapper,
        connection,
        has_identity,
        row_switch,
        update_version_id,
    ) in _organize_states_for_save(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
        if has_identity or row_switch:
            states_to_update.append(
                (state, dict_, mapper, connection, update_version_id)
            )
        else:
            states_to_insert.append((state, dict_, mapper, connection))

for table, mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
            continue
        insert = _collect_insert_commands(table, states_to_insert)

update = _collect_update_commands(
            uowtransaction, table, states_to_update
        )

_emit_update_statements(
            base_mapper,
            uowtransaction,
            mapper,
            table,
            update,
        )

_emit_insert_statements(
            base_mapper,
            uowtransaction,
            mapper,
            table,
            insert,
        )

_finalize_insert_update_commands(
        base_mapper,
        uowtransaction,
        chain(
            (
                (state, state_dict, mapper, connection, False)
                for (state, state_dict, mapper, connection) in states_to_insert
            ),
            (
                (state, state_dict, mapper, connection, True)
                for (
                    state,
                    state_dict,
                    mapper,
                    connection,
                    update_version_id,
                ) in states_to_update
            ),
        ),
    )

def post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction, post_update_cols):
    """Issue UPDATE statements on behalf of a relationship() which
    specifies post_update.

"""

states_to_update = list(
        _organize_states_for_post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction)
    )

for table, mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
            continue

update = (
            (
                state,
                state_dict,
                sub_mapper,
                connection,
                (
                    mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
                        state, state_dict, mapper.version_id_col
                    )
                    if mapper.version_id_col is not None
                    else None
                ),
            )
            for state, state_dict, sub_mapper, connection in states_to_update
            if table in sub_mapper._pks_by_table
        )

update = _collect_post_update_commands(
            base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, update, post_update_cols
        )

_emit_post_update_statements(
            base_mapper,
            uowtransaction,
            mapper,
            table,
            update,
        )

def delete_obj(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
    """Issue ``DELETE`` statements for a list of objects.

This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
    flush operation.

"""

states_to_delete = list(
        _organize_states_for_delete(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction)
    )

table_to_mapper = base_mapper._sorted_tables

for table in reversed(list(table_to_mapper.keys())):
        mapper = table_to_mapper[table]
        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
            continue
        elif mapper.inherits and mapper.passive_deletes:
            continue

delete = _collect_delete_commands(
            base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, states_to_delete
        )

_emit_delete_statements(
            base_mapper,
            uowtransaction,
            mapper,
            table,
            delete,
        )

for (
        state,
        state_dict,
        mapper,
        connection,
        update_version_id,
    ) in states_to_delete:
        mapper.dispatch.after_delete(mapper, connection, state)

def _organize_states_for_save(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for INSERT or
    UPDATE.

This includes splitting out into distinct lists for
    each, calling before_insert/before_update, obtaining
    key information for each state including its dictionary,
    mapper, the connection to use for the execution per state,
    and the identity flag.

"""

for state, dict_, mapper, connection in _connections_for_states(
        base_mapper, uowtransaction, states
    ):
        has_identity = bool(state.key)

instance_key = state.key or mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)

row_switch = update_version_id = None

# call before_XXX extensions
        if not has_identity:
            mapper.dispatch.before_insert(mapper, connection, state)
        else:
            mapper.dispatch.before_update(mapper, connection, state)

if mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity:
            mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity(mapper, state, dict_)

# detect if we have a "pending" instance (i.e. has
        # no instance_key attached to it), and another instance
        # with the same identity key already exists as persistent.
        # convert to an UPDATE if so.
        if (
            not has_identity
            and instance_key in uowtransaction.session.identity_map
        ):
            instance = uowtransaction.session.identity_map[instance_key]
            existing = attributes.instance_state(instance)

if not uowtransaction.was_already_deleted(existing):
                if not uowtransaction.is_deleted(existing):
                    util.warn(
                        "New instance %s with identity key %s conflicts "
                        "with persistent instance %s"
                        % (state_str(state), instance_key, state_str(existing))
                    )
                else:
                    base_mapper._log_debug(
                        "detected row switch for identity %s.  "
                        "will update %s, remove %s from "
                        "transaction",
                        instance_key,
                        state_str(state),
                        state_str(existing),
                    )

# remove the "delete" flag from the existing element
                    uowtransaction.remove_state_actions(existing)
                    row_switch = existing

if (has_identity or row_switch) and mapper.version_id_col is not None:
            update_version_id = mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
                row_switch if row_switch else state,
                row_switch.dict if row_switch else dict_,
                mapper.version_id_col,
            )

yield (
            state,
            dict_,
            mapper,
            connection,
            has_identity,
            row_switch,
            update_version_id,
        )

def _organize_states_for_post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for UPDATE
    corresponding to post_update.

This includes obtaining key information for each state
    including its dictionary, mapper, the connection to use for
    the execution per state.

"""
    return _connections_for_states(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states)

def _organize_states_for_delete(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for DELETE.

This includes calling out before_delete and obtaining
    key information for each state including its dictionary,
    mapper, the connection to use for the execution per state.

"""
    for state, dict_, mapper, connection in _connections_for_states(
        base_mapper, uowtransaction, states
    ):
        mapper.dispatch.before_delete(mapper, connection, state)

if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
            update_version_id = mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
                state, dict_, mapper.version_id_col
            )
        else:
            update_version_id = None

yield (state, dict_, mapper, connection, update_version_id)

def _collect_insert_commands(
    table,
    states_to_insert,
    *,
    bulk=False,
    return_defaults=False,
    render_nulls=False,
    include_bulk_keys=(),
):
    """Identify sets of values to use in INSERT statements for a
    list of states.

"""
    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection in states_to_insert:
        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
            continue

params = {}
        value_params = {}

propkey_to_col = mapper._propkey_to_col[table]

eval_none = mapper._insert_cols_evaluating_none[table]

for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(state_dict):
            value = state_dict[propkey]
            col = propkey_to_col[propkey]
            if value is None and col not in eval_none and not render_nulls:
                continue
            elif not bulk and (
                hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
                or isinstance(value, sql.ClauseElement)
            ):
                value_params[col] = (
                    value.__clause_element__()
                    if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
                    else value
                )
            else:
                params[col.key] = value

if not bulk:
            # for all the columns that have no default and we don't have
            # a value and where "None" is not a special value, add
            # explicit None to the INSERT.   This is a legacy behavior
            # which might be worth removing, as it should not be necessary
            # and also produces confusion, given that "missing" and None
            # now have distinct meanings
            for colkey in (
                mapper._insert_cols_as_none[table]
                .difference(params)
                .difference([c.key for c in value_params])
            ):
                params[colkey] = None

if not bulk or return_defaults:
            # params are in terms of Column key objects, so
            # compare to pk_keys_by_table
            has_all_pks = mapper._pk_keys_by_table[table].issubset(params)

if mapper.base_mapper._prefer_eager_defaults(
                connection.dialect, table
            ):
                has_all_defaults = mapper._server_default_col_keys[
                    table
                ].issubset(params)
            else:
                has_all_defaults = True
        else:
            has_all_defaults = has_all_pks = True

if (
            mapper.version_id_generator is not False
            and mapper.version_id_col is not None
            and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
        ):
            params[mapper.version_id_col.key] = mapper.version_id_generator(
                None
            )

if bulk:
            if mapper._set_polymorphic_identity:
                params.setdefault(
                    mapper._polymorphic_attr_key, mapper.polymorphic_identity
                )

if include_bulk_keys:
                params.update((k, state_dict[k]) for k in include_bulk_keys)

yield (
            state,
            state_dict,
            params,
            mapper,
            connection,
            value_params,
            has_all_pks,
            has_all_defaults,
        )

def _collect_update_commands(
    uowtransaction,
    table,
    states_to_update,
    *,
    bulk=False,
    use_orm_update_stmt=None,
    include_bulk_keys=(),
):
    """Identify sets of values to use in UPDATE statements for a
    list of states.

This function works intricately with the history system
    to determine exactly what values should be updated
    as well as how the row should be matched within an UPDATE
    statement.  Includes some tricky scenarios where the primary
    key of an object might have been changed.

"""

for (
        state,
        state_dict,
        mapper,
        connection,
        update_version_id,
    ) in states_to_update:
        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
            continue

pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]

if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
            # TODO: ordered values, etc
            value_params = use_orm_update_stmt._values
        else:
            value_params = {}

propkey_to_col = mapper._propkey_to_col[table]

if bulk:
            # keys here are mapped attribute keys, so
            # look at mapper attribute keys for pk
            params = {
                propkey_to_col[propkey].key: state_dict[propkey]
                for propkey in set(propkey_to_col)
                .intersection(state_dict)
                .difference(mapper._pk_attr_keys_by_table[table])
            }
            has_all_defaults = True
        else:
            params = {}
            for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(
                state.committed_state
            ):
                value = state_dict[propkey]
                col = propkey_to_col[propkey]

if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__") or isinstance(
                    value, sql.ClauseElement
                ):
                    value_params[col] = (
                        value.__clause_element__()
                        if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
                        else value
                    )
                # guard against values that generate non-__nonzero__
                # objects for __eq__()
                elif (
                    state.manager[propkey].impl.is_equal(
                        value, state.committed_state[propkey]
                    )
                    is not True
                ):
                    params[col.key] = value

if mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults is True:
                has_all_defaults = (
                    mapper._server_onupdate_default_col_keys[table]
                ).issubset(params)
            else:
                has_all_defaults = True

if (
            update_version_id is not None
            and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
        ):
            if not bulk and not (params or value_params):
                # HACK: check for history in other tables, in case the
                # history is only in a different table than the one
                # where the version_id_col is.  This logic was lost
                # from 0.9 -> 1.0.0 and restored in 1.0.6.
                for prop in mapper._columntoproperty.values():
                    history = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
                        state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
                    )
                    if history.added:
                        break
                else:
                    # no net change, break
                    continue

col = mapper.version_id_col
            no_params = not params and not value_params
            params[col._label] = update_version_id

if (
                bulk or col.key not in params
            ) and mapper.version_id_generator is not False:
                val = mapper.version_id_generator(update_version_id)
                params[col.key] = val
            elif mapper.version_id_generator is False and no_params:
                # no version id generator, no values set on the table,
                # and version id wasn't manually incremented.
                # set version id to itself so we get an UPDATE
                # statement
                params[col.key] = update_version_id

elif not (params or value_params):
            continue

has_all_pks = True
        expect_pk_cascaded = False
        if bulk:
            # keys here are mapped attribute keys, so
            # look at mapper attribute keys for pk
            pk_params = {
                propkey_to_col[propkey]._label: state_dict.get(propkey)
                for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(
                    mapper._pk_attr_keys_by_table[table]
                )
            }
            if util.NONE_SET.intersection(pk_params.values()):
                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                    f"No primary key value supplied for column(s) "
                    f"""{
                        ', '.join(
                            str(c) for c in pks if pk_params[c._label] is None
                        )
                    }; """
                    "per-row ORM Bulk UPDATE by Primary Key requires that "
                    "records contain primary key values",
                    code="bupq",
                )

else:
            pk_params = {}
            for col in pks:
                propkey = mapper._columntoproperty[col].key

history = state.manager[propkey].impl.get_history(
                    state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
                )

if history.added:
                    if (
                        not history.deleted
                        or ("pk_cascaded", state, col)
                        in uowtransaction.attributes
                    ):
                        expect_pk_cascaded = True
                        pk_params[col._label] = history.added[0]
                        params.pop(col.key, None)
                    else:
                        # else, use the old value to locate the row
                        pk_params[col._label] = history.deleted[0]
                        if col in value_params:
                            has_all_pks = False
                else:
                    pk_params[col._label] = history.unchanged[0]
                if pk_params[col._label] is None:
                    raise orm_exc.FlushError(
                        "Can't update table %s using NULL for primary "
                        "key value on column %s" % (table, col)
                    )

if include_bulk_keys:
            params.update((k, state_dict[k]) for k in include_bulk_keys)

if params or value_params:
            params.update(pk_params)
            yield (
                state,
                state_dict,
                params,
                mapper,
                connection,
                value_params,
                has_all_defaults,
                has_all_pks,
            )
        elif expect_pk_cascaded:
            # no UPDATE occurs on this table, but we expect that CASCADE rules
            # have changed the primary key of the row; propagate this event to
            # other columns that expect to have been modified. this normally
            # occurs after the UPDATE is emitted however we invoke it here
            # explicitly in the absence of our invoking an UPDATE
            for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
                sync.populate(
                    state,
                    m,
                    state,
                    m,
                    equated_pairs,
                    uowtransaction,
                    mapper.passive_updates,
                )

def _collect_post_update_commands(
    base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, states_to_update, post_update_cols
):
    """Identify sets of values to use in UPDATE statements for a
    list of states within a post_update operation.

"""

for (
        state,
        state_dict,
        mapper,
        connection,
        update_version_id,
    ) in states_to_update:
        # assert table in mapper._pks_by_table

pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
        params = {}
        hasdata = False

for col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
            if col in pks:
                params[col._label] = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
                    state, state_dict, col, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
                )

elif col in post_update_cols or col.onupdate is not None:
                prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
                history = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
                    state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
                )
                if history.added:
                    value = history.added[0]
                    params[col.key] = value
                    hasdata = True
        if hasdata:
            if (
                update_version_id is not None
                and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
            ):
                col = mapper.version_id_col
                params[col._label] = update_version_id

if (
                    bool(state.key)
                    and col.key not in params
                    and mapper.version_id_generator is not False
                ):
                    val = mapper.version_id_generator(update_version_id)
                    params[col.key] = val
            yield state, state_dict, mapper, connection, params

def _collect_delete_commands(
    base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, states_to_delete
):
    """Identify values to use in DELETE statements for a list of
    states to be deleted."""

for (
        state,
        state_dict,
        mapper,
        connection,
        update_version_id,
    ) in states_to_delete:
        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
            continue

params = {}
        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
            params[col.key] = value = (
                mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
                    state, state_dict, col
                )
            )
            if value is None:
                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
                    "Can't delete from table %s "
                    "using NULL for primary "
                    "key value on column %s" % (table, col)
                )

if (
            update_version_id is not None
            and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
        ):
            params[mapper.version_id_col.key] = update_version_id
        yield params, connection

def _emit_update_statements(
    base_mapper,
    uowtransaction,
    mapper,
    table,
    update,
    *,
    bookkeeping=True,
    use_orm_update_stmt=None,
    enable_check_rowcount=True,
):
    """Emit UPDATE statements corresponding to value lists collected
    by _collect_update_commands()."""

needs_version_id = (
        mapper.version_id_col is not None
        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
    )

execution_options = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}

def update_stmt(existing_stmt=None):
        clauses = BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(operators.and_)

for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
            clauses._append_inplace(
                col == sql.bindparam(col._label, type_=col.type)
            )

if needs_version_id:
            clauses._append_inplace(
                mapper.version_id_col
                == sql.bindparam(
                    mapper.version_id_col._label,
                    type_=mapper.version_id_col.type,
                )
            )

if existing_stmt is not None:
            stmt = existing_stmt.where(clauses)
        else:
            stmt = table.update().where(clauses)
        return stmt

if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
        cached_stmt = update_stmt(use_orm_update_stmt)

else:
        cached_stmt = base_mapper._memo(("update", table), update_stmt)

for (
        (connection, paramkeys, hasvalue, has_all_defaults, has_all_pks),
        records,
    ) in groupby(
        update,
        lambda rec: (
            rec[4],  # connection
            set(rec[2]),  # set of parameter keys
            bool(rec[5]),  # whether or not we have "value" parameters
            rec[6],  # has_all_defaults
            rec[7],  # has all pks
        ),
    ):
        rows = 0
        records = list(records)

statement = cached_stmt

if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
            statement = statement._annotate(
                {
                    "_emit_update_table": table,
                    "_emit_update_mapper": mapper,
                }
            )

return_defaults = False

if not has_all_pks:
            statement = statement.return_defaults(*mapper._pks_by_table[table])
            return_defaults = True

if (
            bookkeeping
            and not has_all_defaults
            and mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults is True
            # change as of #8889 - if RETURNING is not going to be used anyway,
            # (applies to MySQL, MariaDB which lack UPDATE RETURNING) ensure
            # we can do an executemany UPDATE which is more efficient
            and table.implicit_returning
            and connection.dialect.update_returning
        ):
            statement = statement.return_defaults(
                *mapper._server_onupdate_default_cols[table]
            )
            return_defaults = True

if mapper._version_id_has_server_side_value:
            statement = statement.return_defaults(mapper.version_id_col)
            return_defaults = True

assert_singlerow = connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount

assert_multirow = (
            assert_singlerow
            and connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
        )

# change as of #8889 - if RETURNING is not going to be used anyway,
        # (applies to MySQL, MariaDB which lack UPDATE RETURNING) ensure
        # we can do an executemany UPDATE which is more efficient
        allow_executemany = not return_defaults and not needs_version_id

if hasvalue:
            for (
                state,
                state_dict,
                params,
                mapper,
                connection,
                value_params,
                has_all_defaults,
                has_all_pks,
            ) in records:
                c = connection.execute(
                    statement.values(value_params),
                    params,
                    execution_options=execution_options,
                )
                if bookkeeping:
                    _postfetch(
                        mapper,
                        uowtransaction,
                        table,
                        state,
                        state_dict,
                        c,
                        c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
                        value_params,
                        True,
                        c.returned_defaults,
                    )
                rows += c.rowcount
                check_rowcount = enable_check_rowcount and assert_singlerow
        else:
            if not allow_executemany:
                check_rowcount = enable_check_rowcount and assert_singlerow
                for (
                    state,
                    state_dict,
                    params,
                    mapper,
                    connection,
                    value_params,
                    has_all_defaults,
                    has_all_pks,
                ) in records:
                    c = connection.execute(
                        statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
                    )

# TODO: why with bookkeeping=False?
                    if bookkeeping:
                        _postfetch(
                            mapper,
                            uowtransaction,
                            table,
                            state,
                            state_dict,
                            c,
                            c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
                            value_params,
                            True,
                            c.returned_defaults,
                        )
                    rows += c.rowcount
            else:
                multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]

check_rowcount = enable_check_rowcount and (
                    assert_multirow
                    or (assert_singlerow and len(multiparams) == 1)
                )

c = connection.execute(
                    statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
                )

rows += c.rowcount

for (
                    state,
                    state_dict,
                    params,
                    mapper,
                    connection,
                    value_params,
                    has_all_defaults,
                    has_all_pks,
                ) in records:
                    if bookkeeping:
                        _postfetch(
                            mapper,
                            uowtransaction,
                            table,
                            state,
                            state_dict,
                            c,
                            c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
                            value_params,
                            True,
                            (
                                c.returned_defaults
                                if not c.context.executemany
                                else None
                            ),
                        )

if check_rowcount:
            if rows != len(records):
                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
                    "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to "
                    "update %d row(s); %d were matched."
                    % (table.description, len(records), rows)
                )

elif needs_version_id:
            util.warn(
                "Dialect %s does not support updated rowcount "
                "- versioning cannot be verified."
                % c.dialect.dialect_description
            )

def _emit_insert_statements(
    base_mapper,
    uowtransaction,
    mapper,
    table,
    insert,
    *,
    bookkeeping=True,
    use_orm_insert_stmt=None,
    execution_options=None,
):
    """Emit INSERT statements corresponding to value lists collected
    by _collect_insert_commands()."""

if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
        cached_stmt = use_orm_insert_stmt
        exec_opt = util.EMPTY_DICT

# if a user query with RETURNING was passed, we definitely need
        # to use RETURNING.
        returning_is_required_anyway = bool(use_orm_insert_stmt._returning)
        deterministic_results_reqd = (
            returning_is_required_anyway
            and use_orm_insert_stmt._sort_by_parameter_order
        ) or bookkeeping
    else:
        returning_is_required_anyway = False
        deterministic_results_reqd = bookkeeping
        cached_stmt = base_mapper._memo(("insert", table), table.insert)
        exec_opt = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}

if execution_options:
        execution_options = util.EMPTY_DICT.merge_with(
            exec_opt, execution_options
        )
    else:
        execution_options = exec_opt

return_result = None

for (
        (connection, _, hasvalue, has_all_pks, has_all_defaults),
        records,
    ) in groupby(
        insert,
        lambda rec: (
            rec[4],  # connection
            set(rec[2]),  # parameter keys
            bool(rec[5]),  # whether we have "value" parameters
            rec[6],
            rec[7],
        ),
    ):
        statement = cached_stmt

if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
            statement = statement._annotate(
                {
                    "_emit_insert_table": table,
                    "_emit_insert_mapper": mapper,
                }
            )

if (
            (
                not bookkeeping
                or (
                    has_all_defaults
                    or not base_mapper._prefer_eager_defaults(
                        connection.dialect, table
                    )
                    or not table.implicit_returning
                    or not connection.dialect.insert_returning
                )
            )
            and not returning_is_required_anyway
            and has_all_pks
            and not hasvalue
        ):
            # the "we don't need newly generated values back" section.
            # here we have all the PKs, all the defaults or we don't want
            # to fetch them, or the dialect doesn't support RETURNING at all
            # so we have to post-fetch / use lastrowid anyway.
            records = list(records)
            multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]

result = connection.execute(
                statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
            )
            if bookkeeping:
                for (
                    (
                        state,
                        state_dict,
                        params,
                        mapper_rec,
                        conn,
                        value_params,
                        has_all_pks,
                        has_all_defaults,
                    ),
                    last_inserted_params,
                ) in zip(records, result.context.compiled_parameters):
                    if state:
                        _postfetch(
                            mapper_rec,
                            uowtransaction,
                            table,
                            state,
                            state_dict,
                            result,
                            last_inserted_params,
                            value_params,
                            False,
                            (
                                result.returned_defaults
                                if not result.context.executemany
                                else None
                            ),
                        )
                    else:
                        _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper_rec, state_dict, table)

else:
            # here, we need defaults and/or pk values back or we otherwise
            # know that we are using RETURNING in any case

records = list(records)

if returning_is_required_anyway or (
                table.implicit_returning and not hasvalue and len(records) > 1
            ):
                if (
                    deterministic_results_reqd
                    and connection.dialect.insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order  # noqa: E501
                ) or (
                    not deterministic_results_reqd
                    and connection.dialect.insert_executemany_returning
                ):
                    do_executemany = True
                elif returning_is_required_anyway:
                    if deterministic_results_reqd:
                        dt = " with RETURNING and sort by parameter order"
                    else:
                        dt = " with RETURNING"
                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                        f"Can't use explicit RETURNING for bulk INSERT "
                        f"operation with "
                        f"{connection.dialect.dialect_description} backend; "
                        f"executemany{dt} is not enabled for this dialect."
                    )
                else:
                    do_executemany = False
            else:
                do_executemany = False

if use_orm_insert_stmt is None:
                if (
                    not has_all_defaults
                    and base_mapper._prefer_eager_defaults(
                        connection.dialect, table
                    )
                ):
                    statement = statement.return_defaults(
                        *mapper._server_default_cols[table],
                        sort_by_parameter_order=bookkeeping,
                    )

if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
                statement = statement.return_defaults(
                    mapper.version_id_col,
                    sort_by_parameter_order=bookkeeping,
                )
            elif do_executemany:
                statement = statement.return_defaults(
                    *table.primary_key, sort_by_parameter_order=bookkeeping
                )

if do_executemany:
                multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]

result = connection.execute(
                    statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
                )

if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
                    if return_result is None:
                        return_result = result
                    else:
                        return_result = return_result.splice_vertically(result)

if bookkeeping:
                    for (
                        (
                            state,
                            state_dict,
                            params,
                            mapper_rec,
                            conn,
                            value_params,
                            has_all_pks,
                            has_all_defaults,
                        ),
                        last_inserted_params,
                        inserted_primary_key,
                        returned_defaults,
                    ) in zip_longest(
                        records,
                        result.context.compiled_parameters,
                        result.inserted_primary_key_rows,
                        result.returned_defaults_rows or (),
                    ):
                        if inserted_primary_key is None:
                            # this is a real problem and means that we didn't
                            # get back as many PK rows.  we can't continue
                            # since this indicates PK rows were missing, which
                            # means we likely mis-populated records starting
                            # at that point with incorrectly matched PK
                            # values.
                            raise orm_exc.FlushError(
                                "Multi-row INSERT statement for %s did not "
                                "produce "
                                "the correct number of INSERTed rows for "
                                "RETURNING.  Ensure there are no triggers or "
                                "special driver issues preventing INSERT from "
                                "functioning properly." % mapper_rec
                            )

for pk, col in zip(
                            inserted_primary_key,
                            mapper._pks_by_table[table],
                        ):
                            prop = mapper_rec._columntoproperty[col]
                            if state_dict.get(prop.key) is None:
                                state_dict[prop.key] = pk

if state:
                            _postfetch(
                                mapper_rec,
                                uowtransaction,
                                table,
                                state,
                                state_dict,
                                result,
                                last_inserted_params,
                                value_params,
                                False,
                                returned_defaults,
                            )
                        else:
                            _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper_rec, state_dict, table)
            else:
                assert not returning_is_required_anyway

for (
                    state,
                    state_dict,
                    params,
                    mapper_rec,
                    connection,
                    value_params,
                    has_all_pks,
                    has_all_defaults,
                ) in records:
                    if value_params:
                        result = connection.execute(
                            statement.values(value_params),
                            params,
                            execution_options=execution_options,
                        )
                    else:
                        result = connection.execute(
                            statement,
                            params,
                            execution_options=execution_options,
                        )

primary_key = result.inserted_primary_key
                    if primary_key is None:
                        raise orm_exc.FlushError(
                            "Single-row INSERT statement for %s "
                            "did not produce a "
                            "new primary key result "
                            "being invoked.  Ensure there are no triggers or "
                            "special driver issues preventing INSERT from "
                            "functioning properly." % (mapper_rec,)
                        )
                    for pk, col in zip(
                        primary_key, mapper._pks_by_table[table]
                    ):
                        prop = mapper_rec._columntoproperty[col]
                        if (
                            col in value_params
                            or state_dict.get(prop.key) is None
                        ):
                            state_dict[prop.key] = pk
                    if bookkeeping:
                        if state:
                            _postfetch(
                                mapper_rec,
                                uowtransaction,
                                table,
                                state,
                                state_dict,
                                result,
                                result.context.compiled_parameters[0],
                                value_params,
                                False,
                                (
                                    result.returned_defaults
                                    if not result.context.executemany
                                    else None
                                ),
                            )
                        else:
                            _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper_rec, state_dict, table)

if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
        if return_result is None:
            return _cursor.null_dml_result()
        else:
            return return_result

def _emit_post_update_statements(
    base_mapper, uowtransaction, mapper, table, update
):
    """Emit UPDATE statements corresponding to value lists collected
    by _collect_post_update_commands()."""

execution_options = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}

needs_version_id = (
        mapper.version_id_col is not None
        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
    )

def update_stmt():
        clauses = BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(operators.and_)

for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
            clauses._append_inplace(
                col == sql.bindparam(col._label, type_=col.type)
            )

stmt = table.update().where(clauses)

return stmt

statement = base_mapper._memo(("post_update", table), update_stmt)

if mapper._version_id_has_server_side_value:
        statement = statement.return_defaults(mapper.version_id_col)

# execute each UPDATE in the order according to the original
    # list of states to guarantee row access order, but
    # also group them into common (connection, cols) sets
    # to support executemany().
    for key, records in groupby(
        update,
        lambda rec: (rec[3], set(rec[4])),  # connection  # parameter keys
    ):
        rows = 0

records = list(records)
        connection = key[0]

assert_singlerow = connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
        assert_multirow = (
            assert_singlerow
            and connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
        )
        allow_executemany = not needs_version_id or assert_multirow

if not allow_executemany:
            check_rowcount = assert_singlerow
            for state, state_dict, mapper_rec, connection, params in records:
                c = connection.execute(
                    statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
                )

_postfetch_post_update(
                    mapper_rec,
                    uowtransaction,
                    table,
                    state,
                    state_dict,
                    c,
                    c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
                )
                rows += c.rowcount
        else:
            multiparams = [
                params
                for state, state_dict, mapper_rec, conn, params in records
            ]

check_rowcount = assert_multirow or (
                assert_singlerow and len(multiparams) == 1
            )

c = connection.execute(
                statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
            )

rows += c.rowcount
            for state, state_dict, mapper_rec, connection, params in records:
                _postfetch_post_update(
                    mapper_rec,
                    uowtransaction,
                    table,
                    state,
                    state_dict,
                    c,
                    c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
                )

def _emit_delete_statements(
    base_mapper, uowtransaction, mapper, table, delete
):
    """Emit DELETE statements corresponding to value lists collected
    by _collect_delete_commands()."""

need_version_id = (
        mapper.version_id_col is not None
        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
    )

def delete_stmt():
        clauses = BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(operators.and_)

for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
            clauses._append_inplace(
                col == sql.bindparam(col.key, type_=col.type)
            )

if need_version_id:
            clauses._append_inplace(
                mapper.version_id_col
                == sql.bindparam(
                    mapper.version_id_col.key, type_=mapper.version_id_col.type
                )
            )

return table.delete().where(clauses)

statement = base_mapper._memo(("delete", table), delete_stmt)
    for connection, recs in groupby(delete, lambda rec: rec[1]):  # connection
        del_objects = [params for params, connection in recs]

execution_options = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}
        expected = len(del_objects)
        rows_matched = -1
        only_warn = False

if (
            need_version_id
            and not connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
        ):
            if connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount:
                rows_matched = 0
                # execute deletes individually so that versioned
                # rows can be verified
                for params in del_objects:
                    c = connection.execute(
                        statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
                    )
                    rows_matched += c.rowcount
            else:
                util.warn(
                    "Dialect %s does not support deleted rowcount "
                    "- versioning cannot be verified."
                    % connection.dialect.dialect_description
                )
                connection.execute(
                    statement, del_objects, execution_options=execution_options
                )
        else:
            c = connection.execute(
                statement, del_objects, execution_options=execution_options
            )

if not need_version_id:
                only_warn = True

rows_matched = c.rowcount

if (
            base_mapper.confirm_deleted_rows
            and rows_matched > -1
            and expected != rows_matched
            and (
                connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
                or len(del_objects) == 1
            )
        ):
            # TODO: why does this "only warn" if versioning is turned off,
            # whereas the UPDATE raises?
            if only_warn:
                util.warn(
                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to "
                    "delete %d row(s); %d were matched.  Please set "
                    "confirm_deleted_rows=False within the mapper "
                    "configuration to prevent this warning."
                    % (table.description, expected, rows_matched)
                )
            else:
                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to "
                    "delete %d row(s); %d were matched.  Please set "
                    "confirm_deleted_rows=False within the mapper "
                    "configuration to prevent this warning."
                    % (table.description, expected, rows_matched)
                )

def _finalize_insert_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states):
    """finalize state on states that have been inserted or updated,
    including calling after_insert/after_update events.

"""
    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, has_identity in states:
        if mapper._readonly_props:
            readonly = state.unmodified_intersection(
                [
                    p.key
                    for p in mapper._readonly_props
                    if (
                        p.expire_on_flush
                        and (not p.deferred or p.key in state.dict)
                    )
                    or (
                        not p.expire_on_flush
                        and not p.deferred
                        and p.key not in state.dict
                    )
                ]
            )
            if readonly:
                state._expire_attributes(state.dict, readonly)

# if eager_defaults option is enabled, load
        # all expired cols.  Else if we have a version_id_col, make sure
        # it isn't expired.
        toload_now = []

# this is specifically to emit a second SELECT for eager_defaults,
        # so only if it's set to True, not "auto"
        if base_mapper.eager_defaults is True:
            toload_now.extend(
                state._unloaded_non_object.intersection(
                    mapper._server_default_plus_onupdate_propkeys
                )
            )

if (
            mapper.version_id_col is not None
            and mapper.version_id_generator is False
        ):
            if mapper._version_id_prop.key in state.unloaded:
                toload_now.extend([mapper._version_id_prop.key])

if toload_now:
            state.key = base_mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
            stmt = future.select(mapper).set_label_style(
                LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
            )
            loading.load_on_ident(
                uowtransaction.session,
                stmt,
                state.key,
                refresh_state=state,
                only_load_props=toload_now,
            )

# call after_XXX extensions
        if not has_identity:
            mapper.dispatch.after_insert(mapper, connection, state)
        else:
            mapper.dispatch.after_update(mapper, connection, state)

if (
            mapper.version_id_generator is False
            and mapper.version_id_col is not None
        ):
            if state_dict[mapper._version_id_prop.key] is None:
                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
                    "Instance does not contain a non-NULL version value"
                )

def _postfetch_post_update(
    mapper, uowtransaction, table, state, dict_, result, params
):
    needs_version_id = (
        mapper.version_id_col is not None
        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
    )

if not uowtransaction.is_deleted(state):
        # post updating after a regular INSERT or UPDATE, do a full postfetch
        prefetch_cols = result.context.compiled.prefetch
        postfetch_cols = result.context.compiled.postfetch
    elif needs_version_id:
        # post updating before a DELETE with a version_id_col, need to
        # postfetch just version_id_col
        prefetch_cols = postfetch_cols = ()
    else:
        # post updating before a DELETE without a version_id_col,
        # don't need to postfetch
        return

if needs_version_id:
        prefetch_cols = list(prefetch_cols) + [mapper.version_id_col]

refresh_flush = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush)
    if refresh_flush:
        load_evt_attrs = []

for c in prefetch_cols:
        if c.key in params and c in mapper._columntoproperty:
            dict_[mapper._columntoproperty[c].key] = params[c.key]
            if refresh_flush:
                load_evt_attrs.append(mapper._columntoproperty[c].key)

if refresh_flush and load_evt_attrs:
        mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush(
            state, uowtransaction, load_evt_attrs
        )

if postfetch_cols:
        state._expire_attributes(
            state.dict,
            [
                mapper._columntoproperty[c].key
                for c in postfetch_cols
                if c in mapper._columntoproperty
            ],
        )

def _postfetch(
    mapper,
    uowtransaction,
    table,
    state,
    dict_,
    result,
    params,
    value_params,
    isupdate,
    returned_defaults,
):
    """Expire attributes in need of newly persisted database state,
    after an INSERT or UPDATE statement has proceeded for that
    state."""

prefetch_cols = result.context.compiled.prefetch
    postfetch_cols = result.context.compiled.postfetch
    returning_cols = result.context.compiled.effective_returning

if (
        mapper.version_id_col is not None
        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
    ):
        prefetch_cols = list(prefetch_cols) + [mapper.version_id_col]

refresh_flush = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush)
    if refresh_flush:
        load_evt_attrs = []

if returning_cols:
        row = returned_defaults
        if row is not None:
            for row_value, col in zip(row, returning_cols):
                # pk cols returned from insert are handled
                # distinctly, don't step on the values here
                if col.primary_key and result.context.isinsert:
                    continue

# note that columns can be in the "return defaults" that are
                # not mapped to this mapper, typically because they are
                # "excluded", which can be specified directly or also occurs
                # when using declarative w/ single table inheritance
                prop = mapper._columntoproperty.get(col)
                if prop:
                    dict_[prop.key] = row_value
                    if refresh_flush:
                        load_evt_attrs.append(prop.key)

for c in prefetch_cols:
        if c.key in params and c in mapper._columntoproperty:
            pkey = mapper._columntoproperty[c].key

# set prefetched value in dict and also pop from committed_state,
            # since this is new database state that replaces whatever might
            # have previously been fetched (see #10800).  this is essentially a
            # shorthand version of set_committed_value(), which could also be
            # used here directly (with more overhead)
            dict_[pkey] = params[c.key]
            state.committed_state.pop(pkey, None)

if refresh_flush:
                load_evt_attrs.append(pkey)

if refresh_flush and load_evt_attrs:
        mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush(
            state, uowtransaction, load_evt_attrs
        )

if isupdate and value_params:
        # explicitly suit the use case specified by
        # [ticket:3801], PK SQL expressions for UPDATE on non-RETURNING
        # database which are set to themselves in order to do a version bump.
        postfetch_cols.extend(
            [
                col
                for col in value_params
                if col.primary_key and col not in returning_cols
            ]
        )

# synchronize newly inserted ids from one table to the next
    # TODO: this still goes a little too often.  would be nice to
    # have definitive list of "columns that changed" here
    for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
        sync.populate(
            state,
            m,
            state,
            m,
            equated_pairs,
            uowtransaction,
            mapper.passive_updates,
        )

def _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper, dict_, table):
    for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
        sync.bulk_populate_inherit_keys(dict_, m, equated_pairs)

def _connections_for_states(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states):
    """Return an iterator of (state, state.dict, mapper, connection).

The states are sorted according to _sort_states, then paired
    with the connection they should be using for the given
    unit of work transaction.

"""
    # if session has a connection callable,
    # organize individual states with the connection
    # to use for update
    if uowtransaction.session.connection_callable:
        connection_callable = uowtransaction.session.connection_callable
    else:
        connection = uowtransaction.transaction.connection(base_mapper)
        connection_callable = None

for state in _sort_states(base_mapper, states):
        if connection_callable:
            connection = connection_callable(base_mapper, state.obj())

mapper = state.manager.mapper

yield state, state.dict, mapper, connection

def _sort_states(mapper, states):
    pending = set(states)
    persistent = {s for s in pending if s.key is not None}
    pending.difference_update(persistent)

try:
        persistent_sorted = sorted(
            persistent, key=mapper._persistent_sortkey_fn
        )
    except TypeError as err:
        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
            "Could not sort objects by primary key; primary key "
            "values must be sortable in Python (was: %s)" % err
        ) from err
    return (
        sorted(pending, key=operator.attrgetter("insert_order"))
        + persistent_sorted
    )

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